Economic Archive

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  Asymmetric Specialisation of Exports in a Liberal International Trade Environment

  Asymmetric specialisation in exports is a common feature of modern liberal trade. It is expressed by the fact that most countries export mainly raw materials and low-processed products and a small number of countries export highly processed products. The purpose of this article is to prove that asymmetric specialisation in exports did not change ... Asymmetric specialisation in exports is a common feature of modern liberal trade. It is expressed by the fact that most countries export mainly raw materials and low-processed products and a small number of countries export highly processed products. The purpose of this article is to prove that asymmetric specialisation in exports did not change significantly during the operating period of the WTO by ap¬plying hierarchical cluster analysis. The analysis found that, from 1995 to 2011, asymmetric specialisation in exports did not change substantially. It was concluded that, for both these specific years, a large group of countries fell into the first cluster (76% and 74% respectively of the total number of countries). The rest of them were evenly distributed in neighbouring clusters. It was also found that countries from the first cluster have mainly specialised in the export of raw materials and low-processed products. Based on the results, it can be concluded that asymmetric specialisation in exports is a chronic, long-term problem of liberal international trade.

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  The Bulgarian Agrarian Sector in the Context of the “Updated” Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union

  The political agreement reached between the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers of the European Union and the European Commission is expected to lead to significant changes that mark the starting point of the European policy designed to address the challenges of the security of food supplies, climate change, growth and employment in ... The political agreement reached between the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers of the European Union and the European Commission is expected to lead to significant changes that mark the starting point of the European policy designed to address the challenges of the security of food supplies, climate change, growth and employment in rural regions. In this aspect, this paper focuses on the reform that is being carried out by CAP in 2013 in the context of the new pro¬gramming period 2014-2020. Priority is given to forthcoming changes in the Bulgarian agricultural sector regarding the implementation of the future Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union. It has been proposed to group changes in CAP, which would facilitate the inclusion of the adjusted measures in designing agrarian policy in Bulgaria. The upcoming reform is aimed at achieving a more equitable distribution of resources. It is expected that each member state of the Com-munity should not receive less than 75% of the (average) funds provided by the European Union. The new rules will come into force from January 2014.

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  The Joint Operation of Institutions – Factors for Increasing Revenue Collectibility

  Major sources of revenue for the state budget include taxes collected from the National Revenue Authority and the Customs Agency. These account for nearly 90 per cent of the revenue of the state budget. The specialist structures of the Ministry of the Interior (the General Directorate for Combating Organised Crime and the Economic Police) play an ... Major sources of revenue for the state budget include taxes collected from the National Revenue Authority and the Customs Agency. These account for nearly 90 per cent of the revenue of the state budget. The specialist structures of the Ministry of the Interior (the General Directorate for Combating Organised Crime and the Economic Police) play an important role in minimising the losses incurred to the state budget through non-payment of customs duties on smuggled goods. This role is crucial in exercising control on excisable goods due to the large size of duties levied on them. Hence, one of the factors for improving the fiscal efficiency of customs administration and preventing and detecting customs and excise violations is the implementation of joint operations with the National Revenue Agency and the Min¬istry of the Interior. This paper aims to assess the current condition of joint operations conducted by the Customs Authority, the NRA, and the Ministry of the Interior in order to prove their efficiency in terms of the supervision exercised by the customs authority.