Economic Archive

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  MODERNIZATION PATHWAYS FOR GEORGIA’S TRANSPORT SECTOR: STRATEGIC CHALLENGES AND REGIONAL PROSPECTS

  This study evaluates Georgia’s logistics potential and examines its prospects for becoming a key regional transport hub. Owing to its strategic geographical location, Georgia enjoys considerable transit advantages; however, infrastructural constraints, tariff-related issues, and geopolitical risks continue to limit the country’s full potential. ... This study evaluates Georgia’s logistics potential and examines its prospects for becoming a key regional transport hub. Owing to its strategic geographical location, Georgia enjoys considerable transit advantages; however, infrastructural constraints, tariff-related issues, and geopolitical risks continue to limit the country’s full potential. The research applies PESTEL analysis to identify the main barriers to regional positioning and outlines strategies for overcoming them. The originality of the paper lies in proposing an integrated framework for enhancing the efficiency of transport logistics through infrastructure modernization, tariff reforms, and the strengthening of international partnerships. The findings emphasize that advancing infrastructure, updating fiscal and tariff policies, and modernizing transport networks are essential steps for consolidating Georgia’s role within regional transport corridors.

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  ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION IN A RENT-BASED ECONOMY: THE CASE OF SAUDI ARABIA

  This article analyzes the political-economic transformation of Saudi Arabia over the past decade, framing it as a unique case of authoritarian modernization, post-rentier economic reform, and global geostrategic adaptation. Based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating theories of the rentier state, institutional inertia, and visionary ... This article analyzes the political-economic transformation of Saudi Arabia over the past decade, framing it as a unique case of authoritarian modernization, post-rentier economic reform, and global geostrategic adaptation. Based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating theories of the rentier state, institutional inertia, and visionary governance, the study traces the kingdom’s main vectors of change: economic diversification through Vision 2030, human capital development and social policy transformation, attempts toward ecological sustainability and climate adaptation, and a redefined foreign policy role in a multipolar global order. The article argues that Saudi Arabia is not merely an example of authoritarian resilience but an emerging model of statehood where legitimacy is grounded in performance, global positioning, and control over transnational flows. At the same time, the article underscores the internal constraints of this transformation, particularly institutional rigidity, social fragmentation, and the absence of political inclusion. This research contributes to ongoing debates on hybrid configurations of economic development, state power, and non-liberal forms of modernity.

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  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION FINANCING AND QUALITY IN THE EU AND BULGARIA – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

  The paper addresses the structure, financing, and quality of primary and secondary school education in the EU and Bulgaria. Education is interpreted both as a process of acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and forming competencies and as an activity that encompasses learning, upbringing, and socialization of young people. The research aims to ... The paper addresses the structure, financing, and quality of primary and secondary school education in the EU and Bulgaria. Education is interpreted both as a process of acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and forming competencies and as an activity that encompasses learning, upbringing, and socialization of young people. The research aims to identify the reasons behind the unsatisfactory performance of Bulgarian students in international assessments. To this end, the study summarizes the specific features of education financing in Bulgaria and analyzes key indicators that characterize expenditures on primary and secondary education in the EU. From a comparative perspective, it discusses the absolute amount of funding, its share relative to GDP, the student–teacher and teaching staff ratios, as well as the number of teachers and graduates. The paper supports the view that the establishment of schools as centers for training highly qualified, motivated, and competitive professionals largely depends on the efficient use of resources and the possibilities for personalization of the learning process.